As faithful readers
may recall, the FLSA employs the broadest possible test of who is covered under
the Act.
The FLSA’s definition
of employ as “to suffer or permit to work” and the later-developed “economic
realities” test provide a broader scope of employment than the common law
control test. . . . . Instead, the FLSA defines “employ” broadly as including
“to suffer or permit to work,” 29 U.S.C. 203(g), which clearly covers more
workers as employees.”
A worker who is
economically dependent on an employer is suffered or permitted to work by the
employer. Thus, applying the economic realities test in view of the expansive
definition of “employ” under the Act, most workers are employees under the
FLSA. The application of the economic realities factors must be consistent with
the broad “suffer or permit to work” standard of the FLSA.
As mentioned, the
DOL has indicated an intent to also police how business owners, partners and
limited liability company members compensate themselves:
While most
misclassified employees are labeled “independent contractors,” the Department
has seen an increasing number of instances where employees are labeled
something else, such as “owners,” “partners,” or “members of a limited
liability company.” In these instances, the determination of whether the
workers are in fact FLSA covered employees is also made by applying an economic
realities analysis.
That being said, the
DOL recognizes that the economic realities test has been accepted by the courts
and provides a number of examples of how it has been and, in its opinion,
should be applied.
In undertaking this
analysis, . . . . no single factor is determinative. . . .The factors should be considered in
totality to determine whether a worker is economically dependent on the employer,
and thus an employee. . . .The application of the economic realities factors is
guided by the overarching principle that the FLSA should be liberally construed
to provide broad coverage for workers, as evidenced by the Act’s defining
“employ” as “to suffer or permit to work.”
The labels attached by the parties are deemed “irrelevant”
by the DOL, as is the employee’s tax status:
. . . the economic realities of the
relationship, and not the label an employer gives it, are determinative. Thus,
an agreement between an employer and a worker designating or labeling the
worker as an independent contractor is not indicative of the economic realities
of the working relationship and is not relevant to the analysis of the worker’s
status. . . . Likewise, workers who are classified as independent contractors
may receive a Form 1099-MISC from their employers. This form simply indicates
that the employer engaged the worker as an independent contractor, not that the
worker is actually an independent contractor under the FLSA.
The factors of the economic realities test typically
include:
(A) the extent to which the work
performed is an integral part of the employer’s business;
This
factor examines whether the work performed is an integral part of the employer’s
business? “If the work performed by a worker is integral
to the employer’s business, it is more likely that the worker is economically
dependent on the employer.”
Example:
For a construction company that frames residential homes, carpenters are integral
to the employer’s business because the company is in business to frame homes,
and carpentry is an integral part of providing that service.
In contrast, the same construction company may contract with a software developer to create software that, among other things, assists the company in tracking its bids, scheduling projects and crews, and tracking material orders. The software developer is performing work that is not integral to the construction company’s business, which is indicative of an independent contractor.
In contrast, the same construction company may contract with a software developer to create software that, among other things, assists the company in tracking its bids, scheduling projects and crews, and tracking material orders. The software developer is performing work that is not integral to the construction company’s business, which is indicative of an independent contractor.
(B) the worker’s opportunity for
profit or loss depending on his or her managerial skill;
This
factor examines whether the worker’s managerial skill affects his or her opportunity
for profit or loss. For instance, a “worker’s ability to work more hours and the amount of work
available from the employer have nothing to do with the worker’s managerial
skill and do little to separate employees from independent contractors—both of
whom are likely to earn more if they work more and if there is more work
available.”
Example: A worker provides cleaning services for corporate clients. The worker performs assignments only as determined by a cleaning company; he does not independently schedule assignments, solicit additional work from other clients, advertise his services, or endeavor to reduce costs. The worker regularly agrees to work additional hours at any time in order to earn more. In this scenario, the worker does not exercise managerial skill that affects his profit or loss. Rather, his earnings may fluctuate based on the work available and his willingness to work more. This lack of managerial skill is indicative of an employment relationship between the worker and the cleaning company.
In contrast, a worker provides cleaning services for corporate clients, produces advertising, negotiates contracts, decides which jobs to perform and when to perform them, decides to hire helpers to assist with the work, and recruits new clients. This worker exercises managerial skill that affects his opportunity for profit and loss, which is indicative of an independent contractor.
(C) the extent of the relative investments
of the employer and the worker;
This factor
examines how the worker’s relative investment compares to the employer’s investment.
Example: A worker providing cleaning services for a cleaning company is issued a Form 1099-MISC each year and signs a contract stating that she is an independent contractor. The company provides insurance, a vehicle to use, and all equipment and supplies for the worker. The company invests in advertising and finding clients. The worker occasionally brings her own preferred cleaning supplies to certain jobs. In this scenario, the relative investment of the worker as compared to the employer’s investment is indicative of an employment relationship between the worker and the cleaning company. The worker’s investment in cleaning supplies does little to further a business beyond that particular job.
A worker providing cleaning services receives referrals and sometimes works for a local cleaning company. The worker invests in a vehicle that is not suitable for personal use and uses it to travel to various worksites. The worker rents her own space to store the vehicle and materials. The worker also advertises and markets her services and hires a helper for larger jobs. She regularly (as opposed to on a job-by-job basis) purchases material and equipment to provide cleaning services and brings her own equipment (vacuum, mop, broom, etc.) and cleaning supplies to each worksite. Her level of investments is similar to the investments of the local cleaning company for whom she sometimes works. These types of investments may be indicative of an independent contractor.
(D) whether the work performed requires special skills and initiative;
This
factor examines whether the work performed requires special skill and initiative.
A worker’s business
skills, judgment, and initiative, not his or her technical skills, will aid in
determining whether the worker is economically independent. “[T]he fact that
workers are skilled is not itself indicative of independent contractor status.”
. . . The technical skills of cable installers,
carpenters, construction workers, and electricians, for example, even assuming
that they are special, are not themselves indicative of any independence or
business initiative. . . . Only carpenters, construction workers, electricians, and other workers
who operate as independent businesses, as opposed to being economically
dependent on their employer, are independent contractors.
Example: A highly
skilled carpenter provides carpentry services for a construction firm; however,
such skills are not exercised in an independent manner. For example, the carpenter
does not make any independent judgments at the job site beyond the work that he
is doing for that job; he does not determine the sequence of work, order
additional materials, or think about bidding the next job, but rather is told
what work to perform where. In this scenario, the
carpenter, although highly-skilled technically, is not demonstrating the skill
and initiative of an independent contractor (such as managerial and business skills). He is simply providing his
skilled labor.
In contrast, a highly skilled carpenter who provides a specialized
service for a variety of area construction companies, for example, custom,
handcrafted cabinets that are made-to-order, may be demonstrating the skill and initiative of an independent contractor if the carpenter markets his services,
determines when to order materials and the quantity of materials to order, and
determines which orders to fill.
(E) the permanency of the
relationship; and
Permanency or indefiniteness in the worker’s relationship with the employer
suggests that the worker is an employee. . . . Most workers are engaged on a
permanent or indefinite basis (for example, the typical at-will employee). Even
if the working relationship lasts weeks or months instead of years, there is
likely some permanence or indefiniteness to it as compared to an independent
contractor, who typically works one project for an employer and does not
necessarily work continuously or repeatedly for an employer.
Example: An editor has worked for an
established publishing house for several years. Her edits are completed in
accordance with the publishing house’s specifications, using its software. She
only edits books provided by the publishing house. This scenario indicates a
permanence to the relationship between the editor and the
publishing house that is indicative of an employment relationship.
Another editor has worked
intermittently with fifteen different publishing houses over the past several
years. She markets her services to numerous publishing houses. She negotiates
rates for each editing job and turns down work for any reason, including
because she is too busy with other editing jobs. This lack of
permanence with one publishing house is indicative of an
independent contractor relationship.
(F) the degree of control exercised or
retained by the employer.
According to the DOL, the “worker must control meaningful
aspects of the work performed such that it is possible to view the worker as a
person conducting his or her own business.”
As an example, “an employer’s lack of control over workers is not
particularly telling if the workers work from home or offsite.”
Example: A registered nurse who provides skilled nursing care in nursing homes is listed with Beta Nurse Registry in order to be matched with clients. The registry interviewed the nurse prior to her joining the registry, and also required the nurse to undergo a multi-day training presented by Beta. Beta sends the nurse a listing each week with potential clients and requires the nurse to fill out a form with Beta prior to contacting any clients. Beta also requires that the nurse adhere to a certain wage range and the nurse cannot provide care during any weekend hours. The nurse must inform Beta if she is hired by a client and must contact Beta if she will miss scheduled work with any client. In this scenario, the degree of control exercised by the registry is indicative of an employment relationship.
Another registered nurse who provides skilled nursing care in nursing homes is listed with Jones Nurse Registry in order to be matched with clients. The registry sends the nurse a listing each week with potential clients. The nurse is free to call as many or as few potential clients as she wishes and to work for as many or as few as she wishes; the nurse also negotiates her own wage rate and schedule with the client. In this scenario, the degree of control exercised by the registry is not indicative of an employment relationship.
NOTICE: This summary is designed merely to inform and alert you
of recent legal developments. It does not constitute legal advice and does not
apply to any particular situation because different facts could lead to
different results. Information here can be changed or amended without
notice. Readers should not act upon this information without legal advice. If
you have any questions about anything you have read, you should consult with or
retain an employment attorney.
